write (писати, пиши) - wrote (писав,написав) - written (написаний) - writing (пишучий, пишучи)00. Full or bare infinitive
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| 英語脳構築日記: Infinitives |
2. Must (мусиш - закон;власне рішення; напевно), be to (повинен - згідно домовленості), have to, have got to, 've got to (повинен(приходиться), треба - чекають таке), would rather/would sooner (краще б - вибір з чогось), had better (краще б - в певній ситуації), should, ought to (слід - порада, повинен - передбачення), could, may, might (можливо), can't (не можу, не може бути), could (міг, невже?), needn't (не обов'язково)
3. Таблиця модальних дієслів
4. Підсумкова таблиця
| Modal verb | Usage | Example |
| can/ be able to | ability | I can do several things at the same time. |
| when something is possible | Miracles can happen. | |
| permission | You can go now. | |
| informal requests | Can you come for a minute? | |
| could | past form of "can" | She said she could pay for us as well. |
| polite requests | Could you move your bag, please? | |
| possibility criticism | It could be that he missed the train. You could help me. | |
| may | possibility | It may rain tomorrow. |
| ask or give permission (formal) | May I speak? | |
| might | past form of "may" | He said he might change his mind. |
| possibility | This might fail. | |
| must | you have to do it | You must obey the law |
| it's very logical or very likely to happen | They left so early, they must be home by now. | |
| must not/ mustn't | you are not allowed to do it | You mustn't smoke in here. |
| shall | future for "I" and "we" | I shall see him tomorrow. |
| questions and suggestions for "I" and "we" | Let's continue, shall we? | |
| should/ ought to | the right thing to do | She should call the police. |
| advice | - What should I do? - You should stop thinking about it. | |
| what is likely or expected to happen | We should be back by midnight. | |
| will | future action or states (not plans) | Prices will go up next summer. |
| promises and intentions | It's alright, I'll pick it up. | |
| would | past form of "will" | He told me he would come. |
| imagined situations | What would you do if you were him? | |
| for polite requests, offers and invitations | - Would you please sit down? - Would you like some tea? - We are meeting with Sarah next Saturday, would you like to come along? | |
| to say what you want to do or have | I would like a piece of cake. | |
| had /'d better needn't | advice don't have to | You had better finish it. You needn't buy milk. I've already bought it. |
MODALS with the INFINITIVE 1 (B)
MODALS with the INFINITIVE 2
Martha was looking out of the window when she noticed the clouds in the sky. "Wow," she called, "it seems like it may rain."
Martha: Philip! I think you should take the umbrella with you.
Philip: Oh no… The umbrella is too big! I cannot carry it by myself. I would rather leave it at home.
Martha: What are you talking about? You will get wet for sure!
Philip: You know, Martha, people can get wet. It's not the end of the world. Can I just go without it?
Martha: No, you cannot. Janet told her husband that he could leave without his umbrella and look what happened to him.
Philip: What happened to him?
Martha: Could you please stop talking and take your umbrella with you?
Philip: There aren't that many clouds in the sky. It might not rain after all.
Martha: You must be joking.
Philip: Well, a man must do what a man must do. I will take the umbrella. Should I take anything else?
Martha: If I were you I would be happy to take an umbrella.
Philip: I would like to be happy, but it's too heavy!
Martha: Philip! I think you should take the umbrella with you.
Philip: Oh no… The umbrella is too big! I cannot carry it by myself. I would rather leave it at home.
Martha: What are you talking about? You will get wet for sure!
Philip: You know, Martha, people can get wet. It's not the end of the world. Can I just go without it?
Martha: No, you cannot. Janet told her husband that he could leave without his umbrella and look what happened to him.
Philip: What happened to him?
Martha: Could you please stop talking and take your umbrella with you?
Philip: There aren't that many clouds in the sky. It might not rain after all.
Martha: You must be joking.
Philip: Well, a man must do what a man must do. I will take the umbrella. Should I take anything else?
Martha: If I were you I would be happy to take an umbrella.
Philip: I would like to be happy, but it's too heavy!
English Modal Verbs – Exercise 02
Martha and Philip were walking down the street when Martha stopped.
Martha: Philip, Look! Can you see that lady on the other side of the street?
Philip: Yes, I can… There must be something special about her if you ask…
Martha: Yes, there is! She looks just like my boss. It might be her. Should I go and talk with her?
Philip: Would you like to go and talk with her?
Martha: I must say that the answer is "no."
Philip: Well, then…
Martha: No, Philip, wait! It may be her, and she might notice me and think bad things about me.
Philip: Why should she think bad things about you?
Martha: She might think I'm impolite.
Philip: If you are so worried about it, then just go and talk with her. You could introduce us.
Martha: I will not talk with her. I don't like her.
Philip: Ok, so can we just go? It should be eight o'clock by now. We may miss the movie if we don't go now.
Martha and Philip continue walking, but Martha is troubled, "Is it really her? Who might she be?
Martha and Philip were walking down the street when Martha stopped.
Martha: Philip, Look! Can you see that lady on the other side of the street?
Philip: Yes, I can… There must be something special about her if you ask…
Martha: Yes, there is! She looks just like my boss. It might be her. Should I go and talk with her?
Philip: Would you like to go and talk with her?
Martha: I must say that the answer is "no."
Philip: Well, then…
Martha: No, Philip, wait! It may be her, and she might notice me and think bad things about me.
Philip: Why should she think bad things about you?
Martha: She might think I'm impolite.
Philip: If you are so worried about it, then just go and talk with her. You could introduce us.
Martha: I will not talk with her. I don't like her.
Philip: Ok, so can we just go? It should be eight o'clock by now. We may miss the movie if we don't go now.
Martha and Philip continue walking, but Martha is troubled, "Is it really her? Who might she be?
Modal Verbs Exercise 1
Gap-fill Exercise
can could have to must might should1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He must be exhausted after such a long flight. He might prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.
2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you should walk downtown and explore the waterfront.
3. Hiking the trail to the peak can be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You shouldresearch the route a little more before you attempt the ascent.
4. When you have a small child in the house, you must not leave small objects lying around. Such objects can be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
5. Dave: Can you hold your breath for more than a minute?
Nathan: No, I can't.
6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It must have cost a fortune.
7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water, they might die.
8. I could speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I can just say a few things in the language.
9. The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we don't have to read it if we don't want to.
10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It should be in this drawer but it's not here.
Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It must be in there. That's the only other place it could be.
11. You should take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it might rain later on this afternoon.
12. Can we pull over at the next rest stop? I really must use the bathroom and I don't know if I can hold it until we get to Chicago.
13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He must have left it here last night.
14. Ned: Could I borrow your lighter for a minute?
Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you can keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking.
15. I can't believe she said that to Megan! She didn't have to insult her cooking in front of everyone at the party last night. She should have just said she was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal.
16. Do you have to chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza.
17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer must be someone in this room. It might be any one of us!!!
18. Ted: I don't know why Denise started crying when I mentioned the wedding.
Pamela: It might have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow.
19. Must you always say the first thing that pops into your head? Can't you think once in awhile before you speak?
20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It must be lying around here somewhere. Where could it be?
Exercise 2 Full Answer
Modal Verbs Exercise 2
Gap-fill Exercise
must have to1. I must be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably have to take a taxi if I want to be on time.
2. You mustn't submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. Check that the name, address, and background information are correct. If the form is not accurate and complete, you will be rejected and you will have toreapply at a later date.
3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent them?
Stephanie: It must have been David. He's the only one who would send you flowers.
4. You mustn't forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.
5. You don't have to be so rude! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while.
6. If you are over 18 in California, you don't have to take a driver training course to get a driver's license. You can have a friend or a family member teach you instead. But remember, you must still get your permit before you start practicing.
7. You don't have to be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny to their name.
8. Ed: My car broke down in Death Valley last week. I had to have it towed more than a hundred miles to the nearest mechanic.
Lilly: That must have cost a fortune!
9. While hiking in Alaska, you must keep an eye out for bears. If you see one, you mustn't approach it. They are beautiful animals; however, they are wild and unpredictable in nature. You don't have to be afraid of them, but educating yourself about the dangers can help keep you safe.
10. I don't have to go to work tomorrow because it is Memorial Day. The best thing about a day off from work is that I don't have to get up at 6:00; I can sleep in till noon if I want to.
11. Yesterday, I had to cram all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until after midnight.
12. Nate: Oh no! I completely forgot we were supposed to pick Jenny up at the airport.
Barbara: She must still be sitting there waiting for us.
13. Ingrid received a scholarship to Yale University which will cover 100% of the tuition. She does not have to worry at all about the increasing cost of education.
14. When I was a child my grandmother was continually correcting our manners. She always used to say, "One mustn'teat with one's mouth open." Or, she would correct us by saying, "One mustn't rest one's elbows on the table." And every time I wanted to leave the table, she would say, "One must ask to be excused."
15. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book must be wrong!
Modal Verbs Exercise 4
Full Answer
Modal Verbs Exercise 4
Multiple Choice Exercise
1. Unfortunately, James and Michelle had already made plans, so they couldn't come with us to the exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art.
2. They have had several major snow storms in the mountains during the last month. We had better call the highway patrol to check road conditions. The road to Smithsville might not be passable.
3. We should call Tim before we go over to his house; he might not be there. I don't want to drive all the way there for nothing.
4. In order to win the pie eating contest, Norman would have to eat sixteen pies in ten minutes. He couldn't possibly eat that many pies - he would explode!
5. I know Eve wants to go to the ballet with us, but we'd better call her before we get her ticket. She works Wednesday nights, and she might not be able to get time off that evening.
6. Susan couldn't hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.
7. It might not be a bad idea to take some snacks along while we're hiking. Last time, we got so hungry we had to come back early without finishing the hike.
8. Jerry might be angry, or he might not. You never really know with him because he's so temperamental.
9. Jerry couldn't be angry at me. I've never done anything to upset him.
10. The lamp might not be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out.
11. When you were a child, you could swim from here to the little island in the middle of the river, couldn't you? At least, that's what your father told me.
12. She couldn't possibly be the winner of the talent show! The other acts were much better than hers.
13. Frank and Sarah couldn't get tickets to the concert. The concert was sold out a little over an hour after tickets went on sale.
14. I heard that band is really popular, and tickets sell out quickly. You might not get tickets if you wait too long.
15. That concert has been sold out for weeks. You couldn't get tickets even if you knew the band personally. It's impossible!
16. It might not be a bad idea to get a car alarm for your new sports car. New cars tend to attract thieves.
17. That couldn't possibly be Mr. Jones. He's lost so much weight that he looks like a completely different person.
18. You couldn't do the job if you didn't speak Arabic fluently.
19. Jane and Bill might not have gotten the invitation to the party. Perhaps, that's why they didn't show up. I doubt they would actually skip your birthday party - they're your best friends!
20. I couldn't have left my keys at Simon's house. I wouldn't have been able to drive home if I had done that. They mustbe somewhere here in the apartment. Let's keep looking
Modal Verbs Exercise 6
Full Answer
Modal Verbs Exercise 6
Multiple Choice Exercise
1.
Donna: If I won the ten million dollar lottery jackpot, I could afford to quit my job and travel the world.
Sam: Where would you go if you had that much money?
Donna: I don't know, I might choose to spend a year in Paris - or perhaps I might go to Kenya.
Sam: How often do you buy lottery tickets?
Donna: Never... I guess if I want to win the lottery, I might try buying some tickets.
Sam: That might help.
2.
Waitress: Hi, my name is Sandy - I'll be your waitress tonight. What can I get for you?
Tony: I haven't decided yet. Is there anything you would recommend? Is there anything you think I should try?
Waitress: You could try the Cajun catfish - or perhaps the Gumbo. They're both delicious.
Tony: That sounds wonderful, but that might be a little too spicy for me. Actually, the prawns sound good. Umm, could I have the barbecued prawns?
Waitress: Sure, would you like a salad with that?
3.
Jan: What should we look for in a candidate when we vote in a presidential election?
Peter: I think citizens should vote for a President who has the ability to improve the quality of life in the United States.
Jan: What would you do if you were President of the United States?
Peter: I would focus on reducing environmental pollution.
Jan: Every candidate always says he's going to do that, but it's a really complicated problem - it's not one which is easily solved. What makes you think you would actually stop pollution?
Part 2write (писати, пиши) - wrote (писав,написав) - written (написаний) - writing (пишучий, пишучи)0.Irregular verbs flashcards 4
1. Таблиця ситуативного використання модальних дієслів
Situation Modal Verb Example requests
(formal) may May I sit down? requests
(informal) can Can I sit down? requests
(polite) could Could I sit down? requests
(polite) would Would you mind if I sit down? permission
(formal) may You may sit down. permission
(informal) can You can sit down. obligation
(full) must
have to
(have got to)
be to You must tell the
police the truth.
You have to do your homework.
You are to meet them at the station at 10. obligation
(partial) should You should tell
your friends the truth. obligation (partial)
(less common)
obligation/advice
Obligation with choice ought to
had better
would rather You ought to tell
your friends the truth.
You had better visit a doctor
I would rather drink milk than tea. (stronger than "should") must He left an hour ago, so he must be there already. logical conclusions
(weaker than "must") should He left half an hour ago,
I believe he should
be there already. possibility
(general) can It can rain sometimes. possibility
(weaker than
"may" and "might") could It could rain, but it is
not very common in this
part of the country. possibility
(weaker than "may") might It's not very cloudy yet,
but it might rain. possibility
(stronger than "might") may It starts getting cloudy –
it may rain soon. futureactions/states/intentions will Look at the sky!
It will rain soon.
2. Непрямі значення модальних дієслів+ різні типи інфінітивівmust -напевноcan't - не може бутиСould? - Невжеcould/may/might - можливоshould/ought to - слідneedn't - необов'язково
3. Modal Verbs Exercises
Mixed modals 1 (should, can, must) (I)
Mixed modals 2 (should, can, must) (I)
Mixed modals 3 (should, can, must) (I)
MODALS (Couldn't/Might Not) (I
4. Extra
IELTS A.2 Writing 1
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.
Whoever controls the media also controls opinions and attitudes of the people and there is little can be done to rectify this.
To what extend do you agree or disagree?
You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.
Write at least 250 words.
model answer:
In some countries the media is controlled exclusively by large companies; in other countries it is the government that has this control. Often, in a war situation, one of the first casualties is the media, which is seized by one group or another. This givessome support to the idea that the media is a source of power and control.
Whoever controls the media also has ultimate control over what is published or broadcasted and what is omitted. They can also add a certain prejudice or bias to their coverage of certain news stories depending on their own feelings about the matter. This is not a new problem, although the issue is perhaps more pressing now that the Internet and play-TV have enabled these messages to be disseminated even further.
However, we should remember that readers have their own ideas and opinions. You can control what is printed but youcannot control the opinions of your readers. I think the only positive thing here is that, nowadays, people seem to be much more cynical about what they read in the press or hear on the television. In particular, when it comes to the tabloid press, people know that they have to take what they read with a grain of salt. In other words, they read knowing they may be being lied to. Perhapsit is even greater concern that we have become so accepting of this form of censorship.
The only thing that can be done to alter this situation is for the government to regulate the industry so that there is no longer a monopoly on media ownership. This also means that they have to allow and support a totally free press, even if this means the government may be criticised or ridiculed within its pages.
(295 words)
IELTS A.2 Writing 3
1.
Donna: If I won the ten million dollar lottery jackpot, I could afford to quit my job and travel the world.
Sam: Where would you go if you had that much money?
Donna: I don't know, I might choose to spend a year in Paris - or perhaps I might go to Kenya.
Sam: How often do you buy lottery tickets?
Donna: Never... I guess if I want to win the lottery, I might try buying some tickets.
Sam: That might help.
2.
Waitress: Hi, my name is Sandy - I'll be your waitress tonight. What can I get for you?
Tony: I haven't decided yet. Is there anything you would recommend? Is there anything you think I should try?
Waitress: You could try the Cajun catfish - or perhaps the Gumbo. They're both delicious.
Tony: That sounds wonderful, but that might be a little too spicy for me. Actually, the prawns sound good. Umm, could I have the barbecued prawns?
Waitress: Sure, would you like a salad with that?
3.
Jan: What should we look for in a candidate when we vote in a presidential election?
Peter: I think citizens should vote for a President who has the ability to improve the quality of life in the United States.
Jan: What would you do if you were President of the United States?
Peter: I would focus on reducing environmental pollution.
Jan: Every candidate always says he's going to do that, but it's a really complicated problem - it's not one which is easily solved. What makes you think you would actually stop pollution?
Part 2write (писати, пиши) - wrote (писав,написав) - written (написаний) - writing (пишучий, пишучи)0.Irregular verbs flashcards 4
1. Таблиця ситуативного використання модальних дієслів
| Situation | Modal Verb | Example |
| requests (formal) | may | May I sit down? |
| requests (informal) | can | Can I sit down? |
| requests (polite) | could | Could I sit down? |
| requests (polite) | would | Would you mind if I sit down? |
| permission (formal) | may | You may sit down. |
| permission (informal) | can | You can sit down. |
| obligation (full) | must have to (have got to) be to | You must tell the police the truth. You have to do your homework. You are to meet them at the station at 10. |
| obligation (partial) | should | You should tell your friends the truth. |
| obligation (partial) (less common) obligation/advice Obligation with choice | ought to had better would rather | You ought to tell your friends the truth. You had better visit a doctor I would rather drink milk than tea. |
| (stronger than "should") | must | He left an hour ago, so he must be there already. |
| logical conclusions (weaker than "must") | should | He left half an hour ago, I believe he should be there already. |
| possibility (general) | can | It can rain sometimes. |
| possibility (weaker than "may" and "might") | could | It could rain, but it is not very common in this part of the country. |
| possibility (weaker than "may") | might | It's not very cloudy yet, but it might rain. |
| possibility (stronger than "might") | may | It starts getting cloudy – it may rain soon. |
| futureactions/states/intentions | will | Look at the sky! It will rain soon. |
2. Непрямі значення модальних дієслів+ різні типи інфінітивівmust -напевноcan't - не може бутиСould? - Невжеcould/may/might - можливоshould/ought to - слідneedn't - необов'язково
3. Modal Verbs Exercises
Mixed modals 1 (should, can, must) (I)
Mixed modals 2 (should, can, must) (I)
Mixed modals 3 (should, can, must) (I)
MODALS (Couldn't/Might Not) (I
4. Extra
| IELTS A.2 Writing 1 |
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.
Whoever controls the media also controls opinions and attitudes of the people and there is little can be done to rectify this.
To what extend do you agree or disagree?
You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.
Write at least 250 words.
model answer:
In some countries the media is controlled exclusively by large companies; in other countries it is the government that has this control. Often, in a war situation, one of the first casualties is the media, which is seized by one group or another. This givessome support to the idea that the media is a source of power and control.
Whoever controls the media also has ultimate control over what is published or broadcasted and what is omitted. They can also add a certain prejudice or bias to their coverage of certain news stories depending on their own feelings about the matter. This is not a new problem, although the issue is perhaps more pressing now that the Internet and play-TV have enabled these messages to be disseminated even further.
However, we should remember that readers have their own ideas and opinions. You can control what is printed but youcannot control the opinions of your readers. I think the only positive thing here is that, nowadays, people seem to be much more cynical about what they read in the press or hear on the television. In particular, when it comes to the tabloid press, people know that they have to take what they read with a grain of salt. In other words, they read knowing they may be being lied to. Perhapsit is even greater concern that we have become so accepting of this form of censorship.
The only thing that can be done to alter this situation is for the government to regulate the industry so that there is no longer a monopoly on media ownership. This also means that they have to allow and support a totally free press, even if this means the government may be criticised or ridiculed within its pages.
(295 words)
Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.
Whoever controls the media also controls opinions and attitudes of the people and there is little can be done to rectify this.
To what extend do you agree or disagree?
You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.
Write at least 250 words.
model answer:
In some countries the media is controlled exclusively by large companies; in other countries it is the government that has this control. Often, in a war situation, one of the first casualties is the media, which is seized by one group or another. This givessome support to the idea that the media is a source of power and control.
Whoever controls the media also has ultimate control over what is published or broadcasted and what is omitted. They can also add a certain prejudice or bias to their coverage of certain news stories depending on their own feelings about the matter. This is not a new problem, although the issue is perhaps more pressing now that the Internet and play-TV have enabled these messages to be disseminated even further.
However, we should remember that readers have their own ideas and opinions. You can control what is printed but youcannot control the opinions of your readers. I think the only positive thing here is that, nowadays, people seem to be much more cynical about what they read in the press or hear on the television. In particular, when it comes to the tabloid press, people know that they have to take what they read with a grain of salt. In other words, they read knowing they may be being lied to. Perhapsit is even greater concern that we have become so accepting of this form of censorship.
The only thing that can be done to alter this situation is for the government to regulate the industry so that there is no longer a monopoly on media ownership. This also means that they have to allow and support a totally free press, even if this means the government may be criticised or ridiculed within its pages.
(295 words)
IELTS A.2 Writing 3
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