1.write (писати, пиши, ПИШУ.ПИШЕШ) -2. wrote (писав,написав) -3. written (написаний) -4. writing (пишучий, пишучи)0.Types of questions
Types of questions The fundamentals of English grammar.
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2. Relative Clauses
*
My sister who/that is from Chicago visited me last year.
My sister, who is from Chicago, visited me last year.*
The girl who/that won a lottery was on TV last week
The teacher whom I spoke to didn't like me
The movie which I saw last week was excellent
The car that I bought is red
James Cameron, whose movies are popular, is a great film director.
I saw a car that (which) was white.
She went into the appartment, which had blue walls.
Test 1
Relative:who (that), which (that),- якийwhose - котрого
I've won the prize, which is a trip around Ukraine.My mum, who travels a lot, thinks that we'll like the trip.
3. Time Clauses
FUTURE TIME CLAUSES
Read the example sentences
WHEN
When I finish writing the reports, I will go out with my friends.
She will move to ?zmir when she finds a good job.
When the party is over, we’ll clean the house.
BEFORE
Before I go to Bodrum, I’ll book a room.
Murat will visit all his relatives before he joins the army.
They won’t transfer any players before they sign the advertising agreement.
AFTER
After her sister prepares dinner, they’ll invite their neighbours.
My father will buy a new car after he saves enough money.
What will you do after you finish the French course?
AS SOON AS
They will go to the beach as soon as they have their breakfast.
All the players in the national team will go on holiday as soon as the Europian Championship is over.
Don’t worry mom. I will phone you as soon as I arrive Paris.
UNTIL
You can go out. I will wait until she calls.
They won’t start the match until the rain stops.
I won’t buy anything new until I pay all my debts.
IF
If I go home early tonight, I will watch the Olympic Games.
Tar?k will buy a new TV set if the prices goes down.
If you pass the test, what will you do?
HAVE YOU NOTICED THE STRUCTURE
when, after, before, as soon as, until, if are followed by SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE.
Main clauses in these sentences are followed by future ‘will’.
PRACTICE
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs.
1) When the manager _ ( arrive ), they _ ( start ) the meeting.
2) If he _ ( reach ) the sales target this year, the company ( award ) him.
3) We _ ( start ) the construction of a shooping center as soon as the government ( allow ) us to begin.
4) After she ( find ) a good house in Karşıyaka, she_ ( buy ) some new furniture.
5) If Alex _ ( feel ) better at the weekend, he _ ( play ) in the match against Milan.
6) I will have to finish the reports before the manager _ ( call ).
7) She _( eat ) anything until the doctor_( tells ) her to eat.
KEY: 1. arrives / will start 2. reaches / will award 3. will start / allows 4. finds / will buy 5. feels / will play 6. calls 7. won’t eat / tells
Test 2
Time: when, whenever, since (з понеділка), until (до), before (до), after, while ( в той час як), as (як тільки), by the time, as soon as( як тільки)
Condition:if, unless (якщо не), only if, whether or not, even if (навіть якщо), providing or provided that( за умови - офіційний стиль), in case (на випадок)
I will meet if you come. (even if you don't come)I won't see you unless you come.I will look by the time you come.
Click on pages 7, 13, 17-20 for more adverbial clauses
4. Clauses of PurposeHe went to a doctor for a check-up.We use spoons for eating.He went to a shop with the aim of/ with a view to buying bread.He went to a shop to/ in order to/so as to/ buy bread.
*He went to a shop so that the shop assistant could/might tell him about kinds of bread .
We took apples in case we got hungry.*He went to a shop in order not to be hungry.He went to a shop so that the shop assistant could/would not miss the opportunity to talk to customers.He went to a shop for fear of being hungry/ for fear that he might be hungryHe went to a shop to avoid being hungry.He told his friend about buying bread to prevent him from buying more bread.
*He went to a shop so that the shop assistant could/might tell him about kinds of bread .
We took apples in case we got hungry.*He went to a shop in order not to be hungry.He went to a shop so that the shop assistant could/would not miss the opportunity to talk to customers.He went to a shop for fear of being hungry/ for fear that he might be hungryHe went to a shop to avoid being hungry.He told his friend about buying bread to prevent him from buying more bread.
Test 3
Purpose: to, in order to,
so as to,
so that,for, with a view to, with the aim of, in case, for fear of, to avoid, to prevent fromI'll take some food
in case **we're hungry.
1
1. Clauses of concession
3. Purpose, reason, time, if))), concession, result and relative clauses
Types of Clauses:♦time clauses: when, as, no sooner… than, while, before, the moment that, since, after, hardly… when, till/untill, by the time, whenever, as long as, as soon as, etc.
♦clauses of reason: as/since, because, the reason for/why, because of/due to, etc.
♦clauses of result: so, so/such… that, as a result, therefore, consequently/as a consequence, etc.
♦clauses of contrast: but, although/even though, in spite of/despite, however, yet, while/whereas, nevertheless, etc.
♦clauses of manner: as if/as though, like
♦clauses of purpose: to, in order to/so as to/ so that/in order that, in case, etc.
Mixed clauses
Test 1Test 2Test 3
IELTS A.1 Writing 6
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The chart below gives information about global population percentages and distribution of wealth by region.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
model answer:
The chart compares population shares in various regions of the world with the distribution of wealth in these same regions. It canbe seen that population shares in almost all cases do not relate to the distribution of wealth.
Even though North America has only approximately 6% of the world’s population, it boasts nearly 34% of global wealth. A similar situation can be seen in Europe, which has 15% of the global population but 30% of global wealth, and the rich (high income) Asia-Pacific countries with 5% of the world’s population but 24% of its wealth.
On the other hand, the total wealth of people in China, India, Africa, Latin America and Caribbean, and the other poor (lower income) countries in Asia-Pacific is far less than their shares of the world population. This is most striking in India, where 16% of the world’s population own only 1% of the world’s wealth and in China, which has the highest percentage of global population (24%) but only 3% of the world’s wealth.
(170words)
The chart below gives information about global population percentages and distribution of wealth by region.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
model answer:
The chart compares population shares in various regions of the world with the distribution of wealth in these same regions. It canbe seen that population shares in almost all cases do not relate to the distribution of wealth.
Even though North America has only approximately 6% of the world’s population, it boasts nearly 34% of global wealth. A similar situation can be seen in Europe, which has 15% of the global population but 30% of global wealth, and the rich (high income) Asia-Pacific countries with 5% of the world’s population but 24% of its wealth.
On the other hand, the total wealth of people in China, India, Africa, Latin America and Caribbean, and the other poor (lower income) countries in Asia-Pacific is far less than their shares of the world population. This is most striking in India, where 16% of the world’s population own only 1% of the world’s wealth and in China, which has the highest percentage of global population (24%) but only 3% of the world’s wealth.
(170words)
IELTS A 2 Writing 4
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Children today play very violent games. This must be the reason for the increase in violence and crime in most major cities of the world.
What are your opinions on this?
Give reason for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
model answer:
Nowadays most children regularly play games on a computer or their television. These games have become more violent over the past few years. In fact, many parents worry about this and the effect these games are having on their children. Some are concerned that playing violent games might encourage them to become aggressive in real life. What we need to establish iswhether or not this is actually true.
First, it may help to look back at the games that children used to play many years ago before the invention of computers. In those days children may have played popular board games such as Monopoly or chess, or they may have played card games or some type of outdoor sport. These sports or games could have encouraged children to become more competitive rather than violent.
However, throughout history children have always played fighting games with toys. Even now many parents buy a toy gun or sword for their child. Why do we never read reports in the media about the impact plastic weapons could have on children?Perhaps this is because the link between play fighting and actual fighting is not very strong.
In conclusion, the way children play games has changed but the ideas behind those games have actually changed very little. Just playing like soldiers did not increase violence in the past, I believe that playing computer games will not lead to increase in violence in the future. I think that if we looked more closely at life in our major cities then we would find there are many other possible causes for the increase in crime and violence.
(277 words)
Write about the following topic:
Children today play very violent games. This must be the reason for the increase in violence and crime in most major cities of the world.
What are your opinions on this?
Give reason for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
model answer:
Nowadays most children regularly play games on a computer or their television. These games have become more violent over the past few years. In fact, many parents worry about this and the effect these games are having on their children. Some are concerned that playing violent games might encourage them to become aggressive in real life. What we need to establish iswhether or not this is actually true.
First, it may help to look back at the games that children used to play many years ago before the invention of computers. In those days children may have played popular board games such as Monopoly or chess, or they may have played card games or some type of outdoor sport. These sports or games could have encouraged children to become more competitive rather than violent.
However, throughout history children have always played fighting games with toys. Even now many parents buy a toy gun or sword for their child. Why do we never read reports in the media about the impact plastic weapons could have on children?Perhaps this is because the link between play fighting and actual fighting is not very strong.
In conclusion, the way children play games has changed but the ideas behind those games have actually changed very little. Just playing like soldiers did not increase violence in the past, I believe that playing computer games will not lead to increase in violence in the future. I think that if we looked more closely at life in our major cities then we would find there are many other possible causes for the increase in crime and violence.
(277 words)
Raymond Murphy.English Grammar in Use
Units 91-95 Relatives112 Concession113 Purpose114 Time115 Reason
Units 91-95 Relatives112 Concession113 Purpose114 Time115 Reason
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